Expression of concern
Used while a credible material issue is under investigation and readers need immediate notice.
Retractions & withdrawals
High-quality institutions plan for the possibility that published work becomes unreliable.
Correction versus withdrawal
A bounded error that does not invalidate the central object is corrected and versioned. Withdrawal or retraction is considered when the object is materially unreliable, based on invalid/fabricated evidence, seriously compromised by ethics or rights problems, or cannot safely remain distributed.
Actions
Withdrawal
Active distribution or endorsement stops, while the historical metadata/tombstone remains public.
Retraction
The Lab states that the research object should no longer be relied upon for its prior claims.
Required notice
Object ID, affected version, date, reason, scope, replacement if any, citation instruction and a decision record. Notices are linked from the original object, corrections ledger and archive registry.